One way to keep all landscape elements in proportion and include evergreens is to select among the dwarf conifers that are available in today's nursery trade. A dwarf conifer never attains the stature that is normal for the original plant from which it was derived.

Dwarf plants occur in several ways. Chance seedling variations and bud sports (mutations) can stunt plants or branches. Nurserymen watch for and propagate these variations in an attempt to preserve the dwarf characteristics. Dwarfing is also accomplished by asexually propagating branches exhibiting juvenile characteristics. Species naturally low in habit, such as creeping junipers, are usually included in the dwarf conifer group for landscaping purposes.

Dwarf conifers often grow no more than a few inches and occasionally not more than a quarter inch per year. This is because dwarfing characteristics alter the plants' growth rate. But keep in mind that dwarf is a relative term and does not necessarily mean miniature. For example, a dwarf spruce will be shorter than its standard relatives but may mature at over 20 feet.

In some dwarf conifers, the needles are stunted in addition to the growth of the stem, adding yet another dimension to their charm and character. The slow growth rate of dwarf conifers offers the distinct and practical advantage that very little, if any, pruning is required. However, plants must be observed for reverted branches (branches that return to their natural habit) where vigorous growth could eventually eliminate the desired form. Such branches must be removed from the plants whenever they appear.

Dwarf conifers generally prefer a sunny but somewhat protected location and slightly acidic soil that is well drained. Gardeners should avoid setting the plants in highly fertile soil as this condition tends to stimulate growth. Plants with good color and those with satisfactory annual growth generally do not need fertilization. A surface application of organic matter, such as shredded bark or leaf mold, will usually provide an adequate source of nutrients.

The best time to transplant dwarf conifers is between October to March, anytime the ground is not frozen but the plants are in a semi-dormant to dormant condition. Dwarf conifers, like most of their larger relatives, require a rootball when transplanted. Gardeners should note that dwarf conifers tend to be expensive because they are difficult to propagate and uncommon.

(Originally published as "Dwarf Conifers," by Virginia Nathan, Extension Technician, in The Virginia Gardener Newsletter, Volume 5, Number 12.)